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# history of communication ethics
![[calendar-plus.svg]] <small>Nov 06, 2021</small> | ![[calendar-clock.svg]] <small>Jan 02, 2023</small> 🏷️ [[ethics]]
- Ancient Egyptians created manuscripts detailing many uses of silence in communication
- Ancient Greeks focused on persuading audiences in public form through speeches - [[Aristotle|Aristotle's]] Nichomachean Ethics outlines [[moral dilemmas|ethical dilemmas]] associated with public persuasion and is a treatise on how to develop good moral character through the pursuit of virtues
- [[virtue ethics|Virtue ethics]] also promoted by Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, Hindu scriptures, Egyptian literature, Enlightenment thinkers and America's founding fathers.
- More recent work on virtue ethics includes focuses on practical wisdom (Alisdair MacIntyre's *After Virtue*), compassion (Martha Nussbaum's *Poetic Justice*), and cultivating civility in organizational settings (Janie Harden Fritz's *Professional Civility*).
- [[deontology|Deontological ethics]], based on duty, articulated by [[Immanual Kant]] - religious duties like Ten Commandments - natural rights like United Nations' Universal Declaration of Human Rights - social contracts like Jean-Jacques Rousseau's *The Social Contract*
- [[consequentialism|Consequentialist ethics]] focuses on outcomes within a context - [[Jeremy Bentham]] and [[John Stuart Mill]] promote [[utilitarianism]] based on how actions maximize happiness and benefit the most. - Peter Singer extends utilitarianism to include animals and Rachel Carson makes appeals for the environment ([note on p.155](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/4I9A6WB7?page=1))
## Sources
[[Communication Ethics a Vital Resource - Ballard et al. 2016]]